大学英语四级考试阅读笔记(11)
2.positive 正面的 negative 负面的
3.本段是多余段落，例证第一种 classical conditioning
4.mean a. 卑鄙的
11. The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ____.
A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion
B) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning
C) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning
D) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced
注：主题题，第一段主题句为第二句
In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.
12.If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though ____ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.
A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) neither of them
D) some other sorts of conditioning
注：应用题
13. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning through ____.
A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) both of them
D) neither of them
注：应用题，furry 有毛的
14. In the third paragraph, the author is ____.
A) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day
B) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning
C) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on
D) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning
注：主题题，末端首句也是结论句
Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.
15. In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss _____.
A) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings
B) the third kind of learning
C) further examples of learning through operant conditioning
D) none of the above
注：第一段讲classical conditioning，第二段讲operant conditioning，第三段讲classical conditioning，第四段应该讲operant conditioning。
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阅读方法：
1.先看题干关键词再读文章，抓住考试原则句
2.文章详略程度的把握：细节举例快读，结论慢读
3.固定类型文章：实验型文章，分类型文章
4.主题题：主题句的确定方法
5.细节题：准确定位，主要考考试原则句
6.词汇题：根据上下文关系
7.推理题：正确答案在文章中存在
8.态度题：找直接评价语句
细节题准确定位方法：
1、根据题干关键词定位。（注意题干关键词在文章中的同义词）
例：brave=bold
2、利用因果、条件、比较关系词定位。
例：It's a better way of education. 条件词：It is a good way of education；if.... At...When...都是if的同义转换。
3、注意结合顺序原则定位。
4、难于定位时，抓住段落中最重要的考试原则句进行反推
18. Echo location in this article means the _____.根据顺序原则定位在第三段。
A) location of echoes
B) ability to determine where an echo comes from
C) scientific term for sound waves
D) ability to locate unseen objects by echoes
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