几篇与机经相关的阅读文章。。。。

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　　Ptolemy's map of the world， about A.D. 150， republished in 1482. Notice the use of latitude and longitude lines and the distinctive projection of this map. Taken from Whitfield （1994， p. 8-9）。 Click on small image to see full-sized （206 kb） version.

　　Medieval Maps

　　During the Medieval period， European maps were dominated by religious views. The T-O map was common. In this map format， Jerusalem was depicted at the center and east was oriented toward the map top. Viking explorations in the North Atlantic gradually were incorporated into the world view beginning in the 12th century. Meanwhile， cartography developed along more practical and realistic lines in Arabic lands， including the Mediterranean region. All maps were， of course， drawn and illuminated by hand， which made the distribution of maps extremely limited.

　　Hereford Mappa Mundi， about 1300， Hereford Cathedral， England. A classic "T-O" map with Jerusalem at center and east toward the top. Taken from Whitfield （1994， p. 21）。 Click on small image to see full-sized （159 kb） version.

　　Al-Idrisi's map of the world， 1456. Al-Idrisi was a muslim scholar in the court of King Roger II of Sicily. He completed a map of the known world in the 12th century. Drawn with south at the top， this later example has been inverted for easier viewing. Taken from Whitfield （1994， p. 29）。 Click on small image to see full-sized （117 kb） version.

　　Northern regions map from S. Munster's Cosmographia （1588）。 North Atlantic region is essentially a Viking view dating from the 12-14th centuries. One of the last wood-engraved maps， done in the style of copper-plate engraving. Published posthumously by H. Petri （son in law） in Basle， Switzerland. Original map in the collection of the author.

　　Renaissance Maps

　　The invention of printing made maps much more widely available beginning in the 15th century. Maps were at first printed using carved wooden blocks. Printing with engraved copper plates appeared in the 16th century and continued to be the standard until photographic techniques were developed. Major advances in cartography took place during the Age of Exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries. Map makers responded with navigation charts， which depicted coast lines， islands， rivers， harbors， and features of sailing interest. Compass lines and other navigation aids were included. Such maps were held in great value for economic， military， and diplomatic purposes， and so were often treated as national or commercial secrets——classified or proprietary maps.

　　Genoese nautical chart of the world， 1457. Taken from Whitfield （1994， p. 40-41）。 Click on small image to see full-sized （135 kb） version.

　　The first whole world maps began to appear in the early 16th century， following voyages by Columbus and others to the New World. Gerardus Mercator of Flanders （Belgium） was the leading cartographer of the mid-16th century. He developed a cylindrical projection that is still widely used for navigation charts and global maps. He published a map of the world in 1569 based on this projection. Many other map projections were soon developed.

　　Waldseemuller's world map， 1507， the first map to incorporate New World discoveries. This map is based on the Ptolemaic projection， but does not show the entire globe. Taken from Whitfield （1994， p. 48-49）。 Click on small image to see full-sized （148 kb） version.

　　Detail of Ptolemy and "old world" from Waldseemuller's world map， 1507. This detail depicts the Old World in the Ptolemaic projection. Taken from Whitfield （1994， p. 11）。 Click on small image to see full-sized （126 kb） version.

　　Detail of Americi Vespucci and "new world" from Waldseemuller's world map， 1507. This detail depicts the New World in the Ptolemaic projection. Taken from Whitfield （1994， p. 37）。 Click on small image to see full-sized （132 kb） version.

　　World map of Rosselli， 1508， the first map to show the entire globe. A mythical southern continent is shown， and ocean areas are much too small. Nonetheless， it is a true world map. Taken from Whitfield （1994， p. 50-51）。 Click on small image to see full-sized （194 kb） version.

　　Heart-shaped world map of Apian， 1530. A fully expanded Ptolemaic projection of the world results in this heart-shaped map. Popular during the Renaissance， this kind of map is a novelty today. Taken from Whitfield （1994， p. 57）。 Click on small image to see full-sized （163 kb） version.

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