实用阅读技巧

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　　6 Understanding main ideas

　　You will practice recognizing the main ideas contained within a text. In the process of skimming you will already have identified some of these main ideas. During a second and third reading you can recognize and understand them more fully. Each paragraph will usually contain one main idea. sometimes referred to as the paragraph topic.

　　The reading materials provide several exercises which help you identify and understand the main ideas in a text. Knowing the key points in a reading text is vital in assessing its importance and relevance for your needs. Understanding the main ideas will also lead you to an understanding of a writer‘s organization.

　　7 Inferring

　　Sometimes a writer will suggest or express something indirectly in a text. In other words， a writer will imply something and leave it to the reader to infer or understand what is meant. When writers do this， they rely to some extent on the knowledge of their readers - knowledge of a subject or cultural knowledge， for example. Inferring a writer‘s meaning is sometimes important in the process of understanding a reading text.

　　8 Understanding text organization

　　Writers structure， or organize， their writing in many different ways. Recognizing the way in which a text has been organized will help you understand its meaning more fully. A writer may want， for example， to outline a situation， discuss a problem and propose a solution. This will usually result in a particular pattern of organization. Or a writer may want to compare and contrast two ideas and will choose one of two basic structures commonly used to compare and contrast.

　　Another feature related to organization is a writer‘s use of time. To give an account of events or describe a process， writers will often use a chronological order， in which events are recounted in thesgroupsin which they have occurred. Other writers will choose to organize an account of events in different ways， perhaps with repeated contrasts between past and present time.

　　9 Assessing a writer‘s purpose

　　Once you understand the organization of a text， you can then recognize the writer‘s purpose more clearly. The text organization a writer selects will partly depend upon his or her particular purpose. A writer may want to inform or persuade， and he or she will select a structure or pattern of organization according to this purpose.

　　A writer may also intend to do both of these things in a written text - to inform as will as persuade. In such cases it is often helpful to try to assess which of these purposes seems to be more important or dominant.

　　10 Evaluating a writer‘s attitude.

　　Writers are not necessarily neutral or objective when they write， particularly if the are trying to persuade readers to agree with their opinions. It is important that you recognize what an author‘s attitude is in relation to the ideas or information being presented. This is because such attitudes can influence the ways in which information is presented. You will be looking at ways in which a writer’s attitude may be identified.

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