新托福阅读题型解题攻略(4)
Why does the author mention Bushmen in South Africa in paragraph 2？
To suggest that ancient artists from all over the world painted animals on rocks
To contrast the location of their rock paintings to those found at Lascaux
To support the claim that early artists worked in cramped spaces
To give an example of other artists who painted in hidden locations
首先分析问题题目，找出其中的关键词：Bushmen in South Africa.之后回到原文看其前后的句子，找到原文的关键词for example，通过分析知道，这一例子的目的是为了说明它前面的那句话，即这些绘画的位置令人费解。作者以对比的手法来说明这一点：Bushmen in South Africa的绘画常位于洞口或洞外，而法国和西班牙的洞穴绘画（本文所说的绘画）却位于远离最初洞口的深处。由此可见，Bushmen in South Africa的例子是为了说明Lascaux绘画位置的怪异。第二个选项符合此意，为正确答案。
总之，解决这类问题的步骤可以总结为：分析问题题目找出关键词，返回原文找原文中的关键词，理解上下文得出答案。
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IBT 阅读句意解释题的解决策略
句意解释题也有人称其为“变换措辞题”，也就是用自己的语言来改写文章中的句子或者段落，以不同的方式重新陈述另一句话，保留其内容，而不改变原来句子的意思。在IBT阅读的三篇文章中，每篇文章可能有0-1道这样的题目，每次考试总共有2到3题。
这类型题目的题干表达为：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage？ Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
解决这类题目的三种方法：
第一种：在保持原句序基本不变的前提下进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换；
第二种：在句序不变的前提下再进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换；
第三种：对原句进行总结性重复。
下面我们通过一个例子来看这些方法的具体应用：
Small marketers should be less concerned with whether U.S. and European consumers are alike and more concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences. Attention to the dynamic nature of those factors will produce opportunities for the alert marketer.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage？ Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A marketer who is not so smart should be more concerned with the difference of eating habits between U.S. and European consumers and less concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences.
I t is not important whether U.S. and European consumers have a similar eating habit. I t is the potential similarities and differences that people should be more concerned with.
Marketers should focus on the factors that account for difference rather than the difference themselves.
Monitoring the variety of foods could explain the potential similarities and differences.
解题：
首先，我们来分析这个句子，整个主句的主语为Small marketers，谓语为be concerned with，宾语为factors，这个分析完成之后，我们采用同意替换的方法，替换其中的重点词组-谓语be concerned with，其同义词为focus on.这样替换完之后把两个句子的意思进行比较，得出正确答案C.这道题目采用了第一种方法。
总之，这类题目的解决步骤就是分析句子结构，找出关键词语——找出其中的重要词组进行同义替换——结合整个句子的意思进行重新组织句子——采用排除法找出正确答案。
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IBT阅读列举题的解题策略
列举题属于老题型，在之前的老托福考试中就存在，而且数量比较多。它主要考察考生能否抓住文章主要信息，排除一些与文章内容无关信息的能力。所以，ETS也这类题型称之为“否定事实信息题”（negative factual information question）。其常用的出题形式为：
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passages？
The author mentions all of the followings xxx， except xx？
一、列举题两大分类：集中列举和分散列举
1. 集中列举
集中列举的形式有：三个名词或词汇连续出现，各个名词或词汇之间以逗号隔开；三个短语连续出现；三个句子连续出现。对于集中列举题，只需根据题干或选项定位原文，排除在原文的集中列举之处出现的三个选项，剩下的一个选项为正确答案。例如：
They used the pots they made for cooking， storing food， and carrying things from place to place.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a way that ancient people used pottery？
（A） To hold food.
（B） To wash clothes.
（C） To cook.
（D） To transport objects.
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