大学英语四级考试阅读笔记(22)
15. In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss _____.
A) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings
B) the third kind of learning
C) further examples of learning through operant conditioning
D) none of the above
注：第一段讲classical conditioning，第二段讲operant conditioning，第三段讲classical conditioning，第四段应该讲operant conditioning。
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●考文章之前或之后内容的题目，注意文章结构的对称完整性
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
26. According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.
A) are directly related to pleasure
B) will meet their physical needs
C) will bring them a feeling of success
D) will satisfy their curiosity
27. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby ________.
A) would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B) would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C) would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
28. In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.
A) have the lights turned on
B) be rewarded with milk
C) please their parents
D) be praised
29. The babies would "smile and bubble" at the lights because _________.
A) the lights were directly related to some basic "drives"
B) the sight of the lights was interesting
C) they need not turn back to watch the lights
D) they succeeded in "switching on" the lights
30. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of _______.
A) a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B) the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C) their strong desire to solve complex problems
D) a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies - and other creatures -learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
注：1.past 和 widely accepted：老观点和大众观点，一般应该是否定的
2.used also to be widely：另一个老观点
3.In other words 概括老观点
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
注：1.behave 行为，举止
2.outcome 结果
3.with no reward except 双重否定，所以是肯定结构
4.本段阐述新观点
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights - and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
注：1.study：开始做实验，抓住代表人物、实验目的、实验结果
2.第一句过程，第二句 notice 表示结果
3.found 表示实验结果
27. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby ________.
A) would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B) would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C) would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
注：考第一个实验结果，notice 引导；B、C为等价选项。
28. In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.
A) have the lights turned on
B) be rewarded with milk
C) please their parents
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