大学英语四级考试阅读笔记(25)
A) Genuine writers often find their work interesting and rewarding.
B) A writer s success depends on luck rather than on effort.
C) Famous writers usually live in poverty and isolation.
D) The chances for a writer to become successful are small.
注：推理题。第二段第二句的同义改写，定位方法：顺序原则(58题的关键词出现在第三段，所以此题应该是在第二段)
The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded. When I left a 20-year career in the U.S. Coast Guard to become a freelance writer (自由撰稿者), I had no prospects at all: What I did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building. It didn't even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used manual typewriter and felt like a genuine writer.
58. Why did the author begin to doubt himself after the first year of his writing career?
A) He wasn' t able to produce a single book.
B) He hadn't seen a change for the better.
C) He wasn' t able to have a rest for a whole year.
D) He found his dream would never come true.
注：第三段第一句的同义改写，D项中的never 为绝对语气词，故不选
After a year or so, however, I still hadn't gotten a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for years. I wasn't going to be one of those people who die wondering; what if? I would keep putting my dream to the test --- even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. This is the Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there.
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Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage:
66. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward _________.
A) the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards
B) the amount of monetary rewards for student's creativity
C) the study of relationship between actions and their consequences
D) the effects of external rewards on students' performance
67. What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?
A) They have no doubts about them.
B) They have doubts about them.
C) They approve of them.
D) They avoid talking about them.
68. Which of the following can best raise students' creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?
A) Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before.
B) Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness.
C) Giving them rewards they really deserve.
D) Giving them rewards they anticipate.
69. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe _________.
A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students
B) punishment is more effective than rewarding
C) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards
D) discouraging the students' anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency
70. The phrase "token economies" (Line 1, Para. 5) probably refers to _________.
A) ways to develop economy
B) systems of rewarding students
C) approaches to solving problems
D) methods of improving performance
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
注：1.opposing 相反的
2.插入语 from warm praise to cold cash 用来解释 external rewards
3.argue 认为
4.maintain 认为，维持
●对比型文章：文章提到两种相反观点，抓住以下几点
1.文章主题即对比方面；
2.抓住各派观点
3.抓住作者态度（a.支持一派反对另一派 b.中立态度）
The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of
small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
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